Macroeconomics - 1757 Words

Explain the concept of potential output and why actual output can differ from potential output? (2 marks) Potential output is the amount of output that an economy can produce when using its resources such as capital and labour, at normal rates. Potential output is not a fixed number but grows over time, reflecting increases in both the amounts of available capital and labour and their productivity. As capital and labour can be utilised at greater than normal rates, at least for a time, a countrys actual output can exceed its potential output. Identify two factors that might cause a change in the level of potential output. For each factor briefly explain why they can affect potential output. (2 marks) Unfavourable weather†¦show more content†¦(Price level and the interest rate, are held constant). Increased saving, decreases consumption hence drops Y=PAE (C+I(p)) and increases withdrawals and hence saving curve increased. Equilibrium GDP would increase if there were an increase in exports (raises PAE, raising whole line therefore equilibrium point is higher) PAE=C+I(p) +G+X-M Explain what is meant by the multiplier? Why, in general, does a one dollar change in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output? (4 marks) EXAMPLE The multiplier, otherwise known as the income-expenditure multiplier, is the effect of a one-unit increase in exogenous expenditure on short-run equilibrium output. The multiplier arises because a given initial change in spending changes the incomes of producers, which leads them to adjust their spending, changing the incomes and spending of other producers, and so on. Ultimately, these successive rounds of declines in spending and income may lead to a decrease in planned aggregate expenditure, and output that is significantly greater than the change in spending that started the process. Explain the role played by the marginal tax rate in determining the size of the multiplier. Other things equal, how does a cut in the marginal tax rate affect the size of the multiplier? (2 marks) PAGE 214 If the government sets a high tax rate, a change in domestic incomeShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning large and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields ineconomics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, National income, price indices, and the interrelationsRead MoreNew Classical Macroeconomics And Macroeconomics Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesclassical Macroeconomics is an important school of macroeconomics development since 1970s. New Classical Macroeconomics is originally evolved from the school of Rational Expectations and monetarism. New classical Macroeconomics is also referred to the Macroeconomics of the rational expectations, or equilibrium method for Macroeconomics. New classical Macroeconomics abides by traditions of the classical economics and believes in the effectiveness of market forces. New classical Macroeconomics tries toRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Individual Assignment772 Words   |  4 PagesMacroeconomics Individual Assignment 1 Wil Creasy Part A Since the beginning of the 1990s, Japan has experienced significant declines in household net savings rates. The 90’s was a decade of slow growth, and households devoted a large portion of their incomes to maintaining consumption levels. â€Å"Large amounts of liquid savings in postal savings accounts and in banks meant the majority of the population did not feel they had to increase saving in order to rebuild assets.† (Feldstein, 2010) A numberRead MoreObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. Microeconomics takes a close-up view of the economy by concentrating on the choices made by individual participants in the economy such as consumers, workers, business managers and investors. Microeconomics stresses on the role of prices in business and personal decisionsRead MoreMacroeconomic Theories Of Macroeconomics And Classical Economics999 Words   |  4 Pages Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. There are two major macroeconomic theories that economists use to describe the economy. Those theories are Keynesian and Classical. Each theory has a different approach to the economic studyRead MoreMacroeconomics641 Words   |  3 Pagescroecon [pic] Introduction to Economics EF 110 Take home exercise Due date: Wednesday 27th April 6pm 2011 This assignment must be submitted via moodle EF110 homepage. This assignment accounts for 10% of the final module grade Answer all questions. Marks awarded for each question can be clearly seen. This is an individual test and while it is expected that you may consult notes, etc, the final work shown should be your work alone. Your signature below will be taken asRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Micro vs. Macro †¢ Microeconomics – the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. †¢ Macroeconomics – the study of the economy as a whole. – Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. †¢ The Two Groups of Economists †¢ Macroeconomists †¢ Focus on the economy as a whole. †¢ Spend much time analyzing how total income changes and how changes in income cause changes inRead MoreMacroeconomic Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomic theory essay. Evaluate the theoretical argument that price and wage flexibility allow an economy to correct a negative demand shock. Provide evidence from Japan in the 1990s to illustrate your answer and consider briefly what policy lessons may follow for dealing with the impact of the current world financial crisis. In the year 2007-2008, the global economy has been suffering deeply from the impact of the major financial crisis. This event is considered the worst of its kindRead MoreMacroeconomic Objectives2174 Words   |  9 Pages----------------4-5 Macroeconomic objective----------------------------------------------------------------4-5 Part three--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-7 Conflicts--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-7 Reference-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Macroeconomic assignment Elvis yu Read MoreMacroeconomics Gdp5520 Words   |  23 PagesCirculation in macroeconomics Macroeconomics (from Greek prefix makros- meaning large + economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price

Literature Review On Teen Pregnancy - 1254 Words

Teenage Pregnancy Introduction Teenage pregnancy in the U.S is a major issue given the number of teens between age 15 and 19 years giving birth. The average teen pregnancy rate in America is about 57 per 1000 teens in 2010 (Knox 1). This has decreased to about 47 per 1000 teens, but at the state level, some states such as Texas have higher averages. Currently, the state of Texas recorded a rate of 73 teenage pregnancies per 1000 females aged between 15 and 19 years (Sayegh et al. 95). The main cause of teenage pregnancies is associated with severe social dislocations including race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education among other factors. Literature Review Race and Ethnicity Previous research has applied racial and ethnic†¦show more content†¦Research has proven that low socioeconomic status is a significant predictor of early sexual intercourse, pregnancy, and births. Cortina research indicates that some of the low-income families are headed by single parents making it difficult to raise teens in the right manner without a supporting spouse (49). Additionally, the low socioeconomic status also makes it difficult or challenging to access birth control methods for most teens. White teens are more likely to get an abortion or access to contraceptive pills than minority groups presenting the disparity in teenage pregnancies. Female teenagers from low-income households also tend to have low-levels or educational attainment, and teen mother barely graduate from high school especially among the Hispanic minority population (Cortina 51). This means that teens that are brought up in low-income households are at higher risks of teen pregnancy than teens in middle or upper-income households. Employment is also a key factor when it comes to teenage pregnancy. Teenage first mothers are highly likely to lack employment opportunities due to educational attainment, which further exposing them to repeat births before the age of 20 (Farber 285). For instance, a teen mother in Tarrant County, Texas got pregnant at 15 years of age and had gotten pregnant two other times before her 18th birthday (Knox1). Despite having three children, she cannot make to work and is a stay-home mom leavingShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On Teen Pregnancy1344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This Literature Review gives a deep insight of some of the available literature related to teen pregnancy, neighborhood effects on poverty, and socio-economic effects of teen pregnancies. Teen pregnancy has become a significant issue in society. A large number of teen pregnancy and school dropouts have been recorded in the past and get associated with poverty. To understand teen pregnancy and its association with poverty; this literature review is going to examine some of the academicRead MoreResults and Conclusions Hcs 4651359 Words   |  6 PagesResults and Conclusion of Research Process HCS 465 June 3, 2012 Results and Conclusion of Research Process The purpose of this paper is to further analyze the study done on trends in teen pregnancy rates from 1996-2006, a comparison of Canada, Sweden, United States, and England. The items of discussion include data collection methods, data analysis procedures, qualitative, quantitative data, and study findings. Results: Data Collection Methods The data collection methods used in thisRead MoreIntroduction: . In The Community Of The City Of Tempe,1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfor pregnant women are limited. Pregnancy is an amazing, high demand process that the human body goes through. During pregnancy the demands on a woman’s body are increased as the body’s nutrient needs are increased. With the higher health demands it is essential that health care clinics are available to help with progression of the pregnancy. Adolescents face higher demands from a pregnancy. During adolescence the body is still growing and maturing, adding a pregnancy only makes the demands on theRead MoreAdolescent Parenthood : An Issue Of Public Concern For Many Years1267 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, poverty, and family? Researchers conduct literature reviews and original research in an effort to find a resolution to decrease adolescent pregnancy/parenthood and methods to improve the quality of life for adolescent parents. Although thes e articles share many themes and patterns, often their reason for conducting the research, methods, conclusion, and belief regarding adolescent pregnancy and parenthood differ. A literature review regarding adolescent parenthood returned a very largeRead MoreAssessment of Teen Pregnancy Prevention Interventions648 Words   |  3 PagesAssessment of Teen Pregnancy Prevention Interventions How is the literature review used in this research study? Using one (1) previous study cited by the authors, discuss how the findings of this past study is relevant to the current study. (2 pts) The literature review in this study was used to demonstrate the problem and occurrence of adolescent pregnancy and birth rates in the United States. Furthermore, the concern about this phenomenon as it pertains to Florida is addressed. A correlationRead MoreEssay on Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy1181 Words   |  5 Pages Effective approaches to prevent teen pregnancy After reading numerous articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of teen pregnancy, I’ve come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the sex education classes provided in school were an extremely effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that I’ve used and those of whichRead MoreEssay about Sample Research Proposal on Teenage Pregnancy1172 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sample Research Proposal on Teenage Pregnancy    Introduction This research proposal implies on teenage pregnancy and its effect on academic progression. There will be association between teenage pregnancy and academic progression places evidence that education should put weight on reality adhering to teenage pregnancy. Understanding teenage pregnancy within UK context is adamant to the purpose of study. Thus, the expectation that teenage pregnancy will be reduced by proper academic programsRead MoreAdolescent Parenthood : An Issue Of Public Concern For Many Years1267 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, poverty, and family? Researchers conduct literature reviews and original research in an effort to find a resolution to decrease adolescent pregnancy/parenthood and methods to improve the quality of life for adolescent parents. Although these articles share many themes and patterns, often their reason for conducting the research, methods, conclusion, and belief regarding adolescent pregnancy and parenthood differ. A literature review regarding adolescent parenthood returned a very largeRead MoreHealth And Social Service Programs1235 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: Adolescent pregnancy, primarily occurring in ages 13-18 years, has a negative impact on the physical, psychological, educational, and economic area of the pregnant girls. Objective: To evaluate some health and social service programs that can reduce American adolescent Pregnancy from Ages 13- 18 and improve their quality of life. Methods: Review two research articles and to assess the overall quality of the data from the studies. Results: After the assessment of the two research articlesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Public Perception1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a literature review of teen pregnancy and public perception. The chapter will begin by examining the decrease of teen pregnancy in America. It will transition to understanding the emotional effects on teen mothers and depict how a pregnant teen’s life could be altered. It will conclude by discussing how the topic of teen pregnancy has caused the President of the United States to take a closer look. This chapter will end with a summary of my research findings

Trifles Woman and Mr. Peters - 1480 Words

Since the 1900’s, women have struggled with gender roles in society that leaned more in favor of men. Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles, reflects on this struggle by blatantly separating the ideas, opinions and actions of the men and women in the play. As the title Trifles suggests, the men in the play view the two women’s concerns as unimportant and frivolous in comparison to the â€Å"real† work the men have to do. Glaspell’s characterization of the sheriff, Henry Peters, the attorney, George Henderson, and the neighboring farmer, Mr. Hale, portrays them as typical men of the time who decide to take charge because, as men, that is their duty and only they know what can be done and how to go about discovering the truth. They only take along Mrs.†¦show more content†¦Hale into his account of the story and tries to keep the two men on task and focusing on the objective. Mr. Henderson even talks roughly to the sheriff, â€Å"Somebody should hav e been left here yesterday† (1369), showing not only his effort to control the situation, but that because he is younger and more educated, he believes himself to know more. Glaspell is exhibiting Mr. Henderson’s arrogance and self-assurance as a way to make him seem like a young man with that invincible hero-complex. This is seen again after Mr. Peters teases the women for worrying about the reserves and Mr. Henderson declares, â€Å"(with the gallantry of a young politician): and yet, for all their worries, what would we do without the ladies?† (1371) Although this particular line makes it seem as if he appreciates the women more then the other two men do, this is only Mr. Henderson trying to impress the women and show off. For the rest of the play, he mostly ignores their presence, marking the two women as insignificant. At one point, he says to them, â€Å"Well, ladies, have you decided whether she was going to quilt it or knot it?....Well, that’s int eresting, I’m sure† (1375), not even giving the women’s response half a thought when, ironically, the subject of his question was very noteworthy evidence. Glaspell is characterizing Mr. Henderson as cocky, yet ignorant to prove the women’s legitimacy. Unlike Mr. Henderson and Mr. Peters, Mr. Hale is only a neighboring farmer; thereforeShow MoreRelatedTrifles And The Women Who Worry Over Them1037 Words   |  5 PagesTrifles and the Women Who Worry Over Them At the start of Susan Glaspell’s dark drama â€Å"Trifles† we are introduced to the characters as they all arrive at an abandoned farmhouse previously owned by the recently murdered Mr. John Wright and his killer, and wife, Mrs. Wright. The men’s dominance over the situation and the women is clear from the initial understanding of their individual roles. The men all seem to have important tasks to perform. The sheriff and the county attorney are investigatingRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 Pageswomen. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. Gender issues play a role in everyday society, oppressing women economically, politically, socially, and psychologically. Glaspell tries to even explain through the title the feminism analyst as you read through her drama. As common as it is for a title of a story reflects the moral of the story, that’s what Gaspell did for â€Å"Trifles†. Trifles meaning very little value, or irrelevantRead MoreChanging The World : One Play At A Time1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand consisted of the man working and supporting the family, and the woman taking care of the home and the family. Women had very little voice in that time and were often treated with little respect due to the cultural norm that men were superior. Two historically influential plays that were written during the birth of feminism are quintessential to the rise of free expression among women. A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, and Trifles by Susan Glaspell both explore the unjust role of women in society,Read More Comparing Relationships in Susan Glaspells Trifles and Cherrie Moragas Giving Up the Ghost1425 Words   |  6 PagesFemale Relationships in Susan Glaspells Trifles and Cherrie Moragas Giving Up the Ghost The plays Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, and Giving Up the Ghost, by Cherrie Moraga, focus on womens interaction in various contexts. Despite the seventy-eight years between their performance dates and the drastic difference in settings and narrative content, the main female characters are comparable, as Mrs. Hale, in Trifles, points out, We all go through the same things -- its just a different kind ofRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Mrs. Peters And Mrs Hale1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthe circumstances of Trifles. An undeniable fact of this play is that the characters: Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, after solving the mystery, save the murderer from persecution by hiding their findings. Many readers come to question whether the characters are morally right in helping Mrs. Wright, or despite the emotionally just act, are they still wrong in defying the law. Before the subsequent revelations Mrs. Peters, the Sheriff s wife, appears indifferent to the plight of Mrs. Wright. During oneRead MoreConf lict Between Men And Women918 Words   |  4 PagesConflict between men and women Trifles is a short story that Susan Glaspell wrote about between men and women. It s specifically targeting the way men attitudes were towards women. Trifles talks about a murder that is unsolved, a country woman suspected of killing her husband in an isolated farm. Men in this short story worry more about looking for big evidence and judging about Mrs. Wright s messy kitchen instead of looking in her stuff for evidence. The men think that in the kitchen thereRead MoreEssay Susan Glaspell ´s Trifles: Women Unite979 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell revolves around Mrs. Wright’s strange actions after her husband’s murder. With this in mind, it leads to an investigation. Meanwhile, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale find incriminating evidence, but decide to hide it. Due to the actions of the women throughout the play, the main focus of â€Å"Trifles† is uniting women against their male counterparts. â€Å"Susan Glaspell, however; sought to represent the lives and hardships of the simple rural women residing in various regions in AmericaRead MoreThe Role Of Women In The Doll House And Trifles1667 Words   |  7 Pagesweaker sex. It was the women’s job to stay home to cook and raise the children. While these are still prevalent issues, it is also true that things has gotten better for some women in recent years. Works like â€Å"The Doll House† by Henrik Ibsen and â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell have helped advance the idea of what roles women should play in society. In each play there are strong, female protagonists who, despite being oppressed by the societal rules against women, learn to rebel and fight for what theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell846 Words   |  4 Pagesplay â€Å"Trifles† by author Susan Glaspell, shows the feminist content and the failures of marriages. Mr. and Mrs. Wright had been married for a long time. The y don’t have a family and live in a place that’s very solitary aside from any other houses. An investigation occurred to find the strange death of Mr. Wright and to discovered evidence if Mrs. Wright killed him. Thus, the play consists of five characters, an attorney, sheriff and his wife, and a neighbor couple that knew Mrs. and Mrs. WrightRead MoreThe Symbols Of Trifles By Minnie Wright798 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider to be only â€Å"trifles.† This includes such things as the canning jars of fruit that Minnie Wright is concerned about despite being held for murder, as well as the quilt and other items that Minnie asks to have brought to her at the jail. Trifles symbolize the importance of the topics and items that concern the women in the story, as these concerns provide the women with the insight to understand the motive of Minnie’s crime.Hale said,â€Å"Well, women are used to worrying over trifles.†.The men, who

American History Rosie the Riveter Essay - 1225 Words

‘Rosie the Riveter’ is the name of a fictional character which was created to represent and symbolize the millions of real women who were encouraged by the North American government to join the work force in factories, munition plants and shipyards during World War II, while most men were called to duty to serve in the army during the war. After the 1st World War, the United States enjoyed a time of cultural and economic prosperity through the 1920’s, which ended with the Great Depression in 1929. By the time the 2nd World War came around, the US was still recovering from the extended damage of the Great Depression. Women gained notoriety during the depression as they were seen as the â€Å"pillar† of every family, staying home and raising†¦show more content†¦It was also performed by various artists and one of the most famous versions is one by the Four Vagabonds. The song’s lyrics pretty much described the part that the government was hoping women would play during wartime: Shes a part of the assembly line, shes making history, working for victory, Rosie the Riveter. There are also many advertising posters. One of the most recognizable pieces of work is one by J. Howard Miller, showing a classic image of a woman wearing a red and white bandanna and a blue shirt (almost recreating the â€Å"Old Glory†) who is shown looking directly at the viewer while flexing her bicep with the slogan We Can Do It!†. There is another poster that is probably not as famous and widespread as Miller’s (due to copyright ownership) but equally, if not more important: the poster by the Saturday Evening Post cover artist, Norman Rockwell. Rockwell’s ‘Rosie’, which appeared on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post in the 29th of May, 1943, was inspired by a real woman by the name of Mary Doyle. It shows a muscular feminine figure in front of an American flag, on her lunch break, sitting on a stump, riveter gun on her lap, factory goggles pushed up on her forehead and wearing dirty overalls. She looks confident, strong and comfortable in this environment, doing this job freely and willingly to support the US war effort. The illustration resembles a Michelangelo’s painting fromShow MoreRelatedRosie The Riveter Was The Preeminent Icon For The Women s Rights Movement1654 Words   |  7 Pages Rosie the Riveter was the preeminent icon for the Women’s Rights Movement. Rosie represented the idea of women working during World War Two, and she was originally created as a government campaign. Previous to the 1940s, women were often identified as the housekeepers that would take care of the chi ldren while men would do the work that  ¨really mattered ¨9th. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, men abandoned their jobs for the war effort and left a hole in the workforce that women were required toRead MoreWho Was Rosie the Riveter1298 Words   |  5 PagesEven though Rosie the Riveter is an image frequently synonymous with the contemporary women’s movement, she was not designed to promote social change or improve the role of women in the workplace during World War II. In reality, she was promoted as the ideal female worker and was patriotic, confident, capable, and beautiful in a large propaganda campaign by the United States government. Since the war caused many men to answer the call to serve in the military, both at home and abroad, the UnitedRead MoreEssay American Women of World War II1120 Words   |  5 Pagesincapable of doing a man’s job. However, when World War II broke out, women were called to maintain the jobs that the men once occupied and t became evident that America’s best chance for success in World War II would have to include the efforts of American females. Women played a key role during World War II in the U.S. More than six million women took wartime jobs in factories, three million volunteered with the Red Cross, and over 200,000 served in the military. Through these jobs women were ableRead MoreWomen in World War 2888 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"We can do it!† is what the famous Rosie the Riveter poster exclaimed. Most Americans know the iconic picture of Rosie the Riveter, depicted as a strong and independent young women working to help the war effort. It was 1941 and the United States finally entered World War II. Most propaganda of the United States encouraged the average women to join the workforce and help with the war effort. With men fighting abroad, it was only necessary for women to start working and leave their normal lives ofRead MoreAmerican Minorities Have Had It Pretty Rough Thou ght The History Of America1139 Words   |  5 PagesChris Harlan Professor Romero History 175 18 April 2016 Happenings In America American minorities have had it pretty rough thought the history of America. However World War II opened up many doors of opportunity to American minorities that no event before has ever done. Women, Latinos, and African Americans were all subject to lower standards of life until World War II came into play. Women were expected to take up work and have long hours on the job. Many Latinos were brought up from Mexico toRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Effects On Women s Rights1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and the Effects on Women s Rights The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. Societies were very ruralRead MoreWomen Can Do It Too !2037 Words   |  9 Pagespropaganda posters. These posters often depicted characters who motivated citizens to join the war or be part of the workforce. One of these characters, Rosie the Riveter, did just that. Designed by J. Howard Miller in 1943, Rosie encouraged women to become independent and join the workforce while men fought in the war through the slogan We Can Do It. Rosie was the face to a feminist movement that empowered women to show their support and patriotism by working. Because men were fighting in the war, theRead MoreEssay about G.I. Jane: Women in the Marine Corp1673 Words   |  7 Pages G.I. Joe, the white and brave American male soldier, was firmly the symbol of American freedom and patriotism during WWII. Meanwhile, women were encouraged to be nurses, mothers, and some were paraded around as tokens of â€Å"equality† like Rosie the Riveter and â€Å"Marinettes.† Now, the second World War has been pointed to as a turning point in womens rights. However, few Americans recognized the achievements of women and most even discouraged them. Because the many contributions of women during WWIIRead MoreROSIE THE RIVETER AND HER CONTRIBUTION TO WWII Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesof women in American history has evolved a great deal over the past few centuries. In less than a hundred years, the role of women has moved from housewife to highly paid corporate executive to political leader. As events in history have shaped the present world, one can find hidden in such moments, pivotal points that catapult destiny into an unforeseen direction. This paper will examine one such pivotal moment, fashioned from the fictitious character known as ‘Rosie the Riveter’ who representedRead MoreWorld War II Propaganda Poster: We Can Do It542 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"We Can Do It!† featuring Rosie the Riveter, women were able to prove that they had the same abilities as men and began a revolution in the U.S. workforce. The poster was first introduced to the public by J. Howard Miller in 1942 for an ad agency that was commissioned by the Westinghouse Power Company. The poster was one of many other commissioned posters to aim at boosting morale amongst both women and men employees. This project was also aimed to convey the American ideology of hard work, patriotism

Decision Making Of The Workplace - 965 Words

Each and everyone of us go day in and day out making decisions. Some of these decisions that we as individuals make can impact numerous of aspects of our life. According to authors Robins and Judge (2009), â€Å"decision making occurs as a reaction to a problem† (Robins Judge 2009, p. 147). It is important to truly understand the importance of the decisions that we make throughout our everyday life. With job rotation and the job characteristic model decision making is in the workplace is truly important. Decision Making in the Workplace As we make decision throughout our day, for most of us we make a lot of decisions within the workplace. Those who are in leadership roles make decisions within the organization such as determining organizational goals, missions, visions, and other decisions that can greatly affect the organization either in a positive or negative way. According to Robins and Judge everyone play in the role of decision making in the workplace. â€Å"Non-managerial employees also make decisions that affect their jobs and the organizations for which they work. They decide whether to come to work on any given day, how much effort to put forth at work, and whether to comply with a request made by the boss† (Robins Judge 2009, p. 147). These particular decisions that non-managerial employees make can affect the workplace in numerous of ways such as impacting views and decisions of other employees, impacted the set atmosphere in the workplace as well as impactingShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliograph y On Critical Thinking1263 Words   |  6 Pagescontains annotations and a critical analysis of the published work. Annotations and Critical Analysis Professor Thomas K. Donaldson taught at Australian National University for years. In his article, he made argument of the objection against the workplace democracy for the reasons that the conflicts between the democratic environment and the private discretion that always accompanies the discharge of responsibilities are not resolvable and enforceable. Solutions are then raised as ‘perfect-marketRead MoreEmployees Should Do Workplace When Confronted With An Ethical Situation1306 Words   |  6 PagesThree Steps That Employees Should Do in the Workplace When Confronted with an Ethical Situation There is a plethora of situations that may occur in the workplace. You may see many situations relating to your co-workers and/or managers. For example, you may notice an employee coming into work ten minutes late every day. You may notice a co-worker consistently leaving his or her computer terminal unlocked displaying sensitive or confidential information. You may have your manager set unrealistic goalsRead MoreFaster Decision Making : Technology1681 Words   |  7 PagesFaster decision-making Faster decision-making is often cited as a major benefit that results from employees having access to real-time data at the point of action. Enterprise mobility is essential to enterprises interested in providing on-demand services both inside and outside the workplace environment at the point where it matters most- the point of action and the point of a decision (Gunnarson, 2012). Mobility enhances the decision-making process by providing relevant information anytime, anywhereRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pages+ Workplace Ethical Dilemma Tanya W. Cooper BSHS/332 Professional, Ethical and Legal Issues in Human Services April 16, 2012 Kathleen Roberts Everyday individuals are faced with issues associated with ethical dilemmas. Ethical dilemmas involve an individual’s behavior toward a moral standard, which may have been established from previous generations and passed along. In upholding the standards taught individual may be forced to take a particular action involving a decision when a behaviorRead MoreImproving Leadership Effectiveness And Characteristics Of An Empowered Workplace1393 Words   |  6 Pagesof an empowered workplace, importance of communication, high performance in the workplace, team concepts and member roles, problem solving styles, and the stages in the life of a group will be discussed as well as applied to the case study The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. The reader will learn about the point of the case study, and how it illustrates different areas of improving leadership effectiveness. Principles and Characteristics of an Empowered Workplace In the workplace, there are principlesRead MoreEthics : Safety And Ethics1488 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone stops to realize that many everyday ethical decisions have to do with safety in the workplace or even at home. These ethical, safety decisions can be made on a morning walk, the drive to work, or even at a workplace while running a machine. We as a society haven’t stopped to correlate the two until just recently. Safety is a growing thing throughout the industry, and ethics plays an enormous role in it. One might think that ethical decision making has to do with a hard choice, and in an way itRead MoreResolving Ethical Dilemmas767 Words   |  4 Pagesdiversity. Diversity brings many beliefs, attitudes and personalities. As a result, ethical issues are common. They come in many shapes, sizes, and favors. Even though ethical issues cannot be prevented, ethical issues can be resolved because sound decisions can by considering ethical lenses to address and resolve ethically issues. For instance, the ethics game simulation presented two common ethical issues. The first involved determining whether to use information obtained by one employee toRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace1563 Words   |  7 PagesEmotions in the workplace play a crucial role in how organizations communicate within and to the outside world. Emotional states in the workplace have strong influence on the outcomes and dictates behaviors and attitudes within organizations. Positive emotions help employees attain favorable outcomes including job enrichment, achievement and higher quality social context. There is smooth relationship in the workplace when there are positive emotions. 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Leadership Styles and Organizational Citizenship - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles and Organizational Citizenship. Answer: Introduction The main aim of this paper is to explain the leadership styles of the organizations. Steve Jobs has been selected in the task to evaluate the various types of leadership styles. One of the effective leaders in the world is Steve Jobs who is well known and popular for his leadership styles. He was the CEO and chairman of Apple Inc. Along with this, the paper explains that how Steve Jobs uses leadership styles in Apple Inc. to get more success and growth in the competitive market. It also explains the strengths and weaknesses of Steve Jobs. It describes that how ethics, diversity and politics help in effective leadership. Steve Paul Jobs was an American leader, inventor, and industrial designer. He was the chief executive officer, chairman and co-founder of Apple Inc. Steve Jobs was born on 24th February 1955 in California United states. He was an inspirational to many business and technology leaders. Steve Jobs dropped out of college to learn something new in life. At the age of 13, Jobs met with Stephen Wozniak who was one of the important persons in his life. Jobs expressed his interest in gadgetry and electronics. He was a harsh in nature and innovating player. Perfection is the main key success factor of Steve Jobs. He maintains clear vision in his life to attain success in the world. In addition, Jobs believes in privacy and he was not friendly with media. Leadership is the process of influencing others to do work effectively and efficiently. Puranik (2017) defines that leadership is the process and approach of influencing people to assist their efforts in order to attain long term goals and objectives of the firm. According to Yukl (2013) leadership is an act which may affect the functions of others towards achievement of objectives and goals. It is considered as an act to motivate and inspire others in order to improve and enhance their performance and productivity. According to Antonakis and Day (2017) leadership is the simple process of affecting others so that they will endeavor willingly towards the attainment of long term mission and vision. Apart from this, leadership is an effective approach which helps to direct the activities and operations of a group in order to attain objectives of the firm. Leadership plays a significant role to enhance corporate excellence and performance of the workers. Various leadership styles are used by organizations in todays modern world in order to overcome the competitors in the marketplace. Leadership style and behavior is the way in which operations and functions of leadership are carried out by the management. Soieb, Othman and D'Silva, (2013) stated that there are various types of leadership styles such as dictatorial, consultative, charismatic, participative, unitary and bureaucratic. The different leadership styles which are used by many organizations in todays competitive world have been stated below. Autocratic leadership: According to Iqbal, Anwar Haider (2015) autocratic leadership style permits managers and top management to make decisions alone without the input of the others. These types of leaders are very conscious and passionate for their position and they express their faith and trust in the workers. The leader believes that reward is one of the significant factors which can motivate subordinate for doing work effectively and successfully. Autocratic leadership is useful in emergency situations and homogenous work. Democratic leadership: This leadership style also known as participative leadership style. It is a type of leadership style in which the members of the group play a participative role in the decision making process (Hackman Johnson, 2013). It is one of the effective leadership styles which is used by many companies in todays world. Laissez-faire leadership: Under this leadership style, leaders attempt to pass the roles and responsibilities to make effective and unique decisions within the organization. Due to lack of confidence, laissez faire leadership style is not effective in the organizations. Decision making process is very slow in this style (Ramchunder Martins, 2014). Transactional leadership: This type of leadership style is used by the managers to get certain tasks and duties in order to provide rewards or punishment based on the performance and productivity of the workers. The managers and leaders set the goals and objectives within the organization (Mahdinezhad Suandi, 2013). In this way, leadership styles play a significant role to attain desired goals and objectives. Ciulla (2014) defines that ethics is a branch of knowledge that handle basic more principles. In other word, it refers to moral principles that govern and manage a persons behavior and action in an effective way. Diversity includes wide range of different things. It consists various elements such as ethnicity, gender, age, socio-economic status, political beliefs, sexual orientation and religious beliefs. The organizational politics plays an empirical role to grow the business in the marketplace. Politics is used for social networking and power within the organization to attain changes that provides advantages to the firm (Menzel, 2014). Through ethics, leaders are highly responsible for influencing subordinates to perform tasks, actions and behavior in a hassle free manner. An ethical leader also helps to influence and direct the workers by knowing values principles and needs. To become this kind of player, a person should analyze and identify the beliefs, goals and thinking of the workers. Furthermore, ethical leader also helps to understand the personal strengths, weaknesses, imitations and behaviors of subordinates to accomplish the goals. Bolman Deal (2017) defines that ethics is an effective system of morality that helps to conduct practices in the organization. The ethical norms and values help the leaders to guide and assist workers to conduct business activities and operations successfully. In this way, leaders have been able to maintain favorable working environment at the workplace which will encourage the employees to maximize the profitability of the firm (Edwards III Wayne, 2013). On the other hand, effective leadership empowers each subordinate in terms of race, religion, sex, and inspires the capability and desire to work together in order to meet common objectives. Diversity is a significant factor in effective leadership which helps to promote a multicultural environment. It also helps to promote ethnic and racial equality and it increases human capital. Leaders need to know and understand that they have to develop liability into their system with regard to their top management and managers taking responsibility for generating a favorable working environment. Innovative ideas and opinion can be created through diversification (Chhokar, Brodbeck House, 2013). On the other hand, one of the vital elements in effective leadership is politics which could help to make unique decisions within the organization. The political leader is most significant because they keep authority of government to assess to the distribution of power and resources. It will also help to build and develop reciprocal relationship with other stakeholders. In this way, ethics, politics and diversity help the leaders to carry the activities and operations of the business successfully. Tricker Tricker (2015) defines that corporate governance is the system of practices, rules and process by which a firm is directed and controlled. It also helps to balance the interest of stakeholders in the organization. The employees, owners, society and managers are main stakeholders of the company. The employees are considered main stakeholders in a corporation and they are more interested in the output of the decisions which affect them indirectly and directly (Benn Dunphy, 2013). Therefore, it is very important for the employee to play a vital role in corporate governance and they must have ability to participate in the decision making process of the corporation. Benn Dunphy (2013) said that employee engagement is possible through corporate governance as it helps to explore and expand the business of the company in the marketplace. In addition, employee can fulfill their obligation and duties in the workplace through effective and unique system of corporate. On the other han d, corporate governance provides enormous benefits to owner of the firm. The good corporate governance provides proper incentives to board and management in order to pursue goals and objectives that are in the interest of the firm (ArAs, 2016). It also provides security to the shareholders on their investment. Along with this, corporate governance maximizes profitability of the company with minimizing the risks and challenges. Through corporate governance, management makes rules, policies and strategies to determine how the firm is directed. It also improves reputation of the firm and reduces legal consequences and hurdles within the organization. Conflicts and fraud can be controlled by implementing effective rules and policies. The corporate governance also ensures economic growth and it also maintains confidence of the investors. As a result, the firm can raise capital successfully. It has left positive impact on the share price (Davies, 2016). Firstly, Steven Jobs is a transformational leader because he works with subordinates in order to identify the essential organizational changes in the firm. He is a self motivated person who inspires other people to do work effectively. By using transformational leadership style, steve Jobs had been able to set standards and rules for the success and growth of the firm. Along with this, Steve Jobs used autocratic leadership style to pursue his vision with team members at the workplace. He was considered autocratic leader because steve Jobs retained all authority, power and reserves the rights to control the employees. He supervised and monitord the productivity and outcomes of the workers. Along with this, he was remarkable and valuable leader in the modern history. Steve Jobs entrusted that a leader is a person who can beat the competitors and reduce the challenges of the market. The apple success and growth showed that Steve Jobs is a wonderful and magnificent leader in the world. A fter the various researchers, it has been analyzed that leadership styles are important to determine the long term mission and vision of the firm. Now it is assumed that Steve Jobs is an autocratic and transformational leader. Moreover, Steve Jobs had a sense of urgency that helps to run the business activities effectively. In addition, Steve Jobs was an adaptable in nature which was used in multiple situations. Additionally, he was always thinking about the future and had a clear ideas and opinion what he wanted to achieve. This vision helped Jobs to push his team together for achieving the common goals and objectives. Conclusion In the above mentioned analysis, it can be concluded that Steve Jobs plays a significant role in leadership. He was the CEO and founder of Apple Inc. The life of Steve Jobs was very challenges and inspiring. Effective leadership styles were followed by Steve Jobs such as autocratic and transformational leadership. He was the artistic and innovative leader which was one of the biggest strengths of Steve Jobs. He had a hardware expert who maintained clear vision. On the other hand, he was an autocratic leader and he did not promote teamwork within the organization. It was main weakness of Steve Jobs. Now it is recommended that Steve Jobs should have used democratic leadership style in Apple Inc. to promote and encourage employees. In this way, they can participate in decision making process which could help to increase productivity of the firm. In addition, teamwork could be promoted by Steve Jobs to give more opportunities to the workers. References Antonakis, J. and Day, D.V. eds., 2017.The nature of leadership (3rd edition). Sage publications. ArAs, G. (2016).A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. (2013).Corporate governance and sustainability: Challenges for theory and practice. Routledge. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Ciulla, J.B. ed., 2014.Ethics, the heart of leadership (3rd ed., pp.3-32). ABC-CLIO. Davies, A. (2016).Best practice in corporate governance: Building reputation and sustainable success. Routledge. Edwards III, G. C., Wayne, S. J. (2013).Presidential leadership: Politics and policy making. Cengage Learning. Hackman, M. Z., Johnson, C. E. (2013).Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Iqbal, N., Anwar, S., Haider, N. (2015). Effect of leadership style on employee performance.Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review,5(5). Mahdinezhad, M., Suandi, B. (2013). Transformational, Transactional Leadership Styles and Job Performance of Academic Leaders.International Education Studies,6(11), 29-34. Menzel, D. C. (2014).Ethics management for public administrators: Building organizations of integrity. Routledge. Puranik.V., (2017). Literature review of leadership. International journal of management Ramchunder, Y., Martins, N. (2014). The role of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and leadership style as attributes of leadership effectiveness.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,40(1), 01-11. Soieb, A.Z.M., Othman, J. and D'Silva, J.L., 2013. The effects of perceived leadership styles and organizational citizenship behaviour on employee engagement: The mediating role of conflict management.International Journal of Business and Management,8(8), p.91. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices (3rd edition). Oxford University Press, USA. Yukl, G. A. (2013).Leadership in organizations (7th ed., pp.76-103). Pearson Education India.

Oz Business operations

Question: Discuss about the Oz Business operations. Answer: Introduction According to the case study information, Oz Supermarket is certainly a small business enterprise (retail) that specializes in selling of household, stationery and non-perishable goods. Most of the retail businesses are usually located near residential areas of the possible and potential consumers and also far away from the town markets. This simply means that they have to sell in small quantities, at an affordable price and the products must be of good quality as well. These characteristics of the goods are the main attractive features of a customer towards purchasing any product. However, just like every business organization, Oz supermarket faces some challenges in during its business operations. Nevertheless, it is important for every business device some way to find solutions for their current and also the anticipated challenges and problems which may impose negative impacts to its operations. Business control and management should therefore be the main focus of either the manage r or other leaders to be able to succeed. Un-equality Treatments to Customers Service and Treatment Apparently, the use of the new technology is a very effective way to the customers as well as the supermarket itself. For the customer it reduces time wastage and therefore this may encourage many customers into visiting the store. However, the fact that the supermarket does not accept cash except from tourists and children will limit most of the customers that may want to pay it a visit. This means that the business does not treat all customers equally. Additionally, the fact that they have only one mode of payment for local adult customers does not make it the best customer service treatment. Also, for those using cash, they must follow a certain rule so that they can be given a card to be able to shop which is a clearly a time wastage. That makes the business rules seem completely tiresome and difficult to obey and especially for those in a hurry who are charged more. The business also inflicts different car parking charges for different customers and at different times of the season which is purely not professional. This may act as a way to push away some customers who may not afford the high charges when the time come and so they opt to go somewhere else. Every business organization should make sure that they prioritize on customers needs and satisfaction. Also it is important for every customer to be treated equally with the others to encourage them into being better and loyal customers. Product Stock The business specializes in selling household goods, stationery and the non-perishable goods. According to this fact (products that they are selling), Oz supermarket is mostly situated in around a residential area where most of the consumers are the direct consumers. These kind of products are used by people either for house decoration, repair, beauty and coziness to name just but a few uses. Additionally, since the goods are non-perishable, most of them are normally used for long periods and can go for e.g. months or years before they expire or go stale. This means that once they are purchased, it may take a longer time for the customer/consumer to purchase them again. Technology Changes The business decided to change its product and service payment method from cash payment to Pay Wave which means that there was more use of technology or machines that the actual human labor (Greg et al, 2009). In addition to that, RFID card readers are situated in every customer troll whose job is to record every item that is picked from the shelf by the customer and puts it on the payment queue. Therefore, as the customer finishes their shopping, the payment is done almost immediately and therefore no queuing in the end. By doing this, Oz supermarket creates an advantage for itself like: reduces labor costs for the business, reduces time for customer queuing and easy to manage and control. However it also creates challenges for itself and creates pressure to the economy by reducing job opportunities (like the cashiers and store helpers, supermarket consultants), encouraging theft, discouraging customers with no cards from purchasing products (like the tourists and children), making it expensive to fund (there are machines that are installed whose purpose is to give a summary of the picked product list, the RFID chips) to name just but a few disadvantages. Therefore, this means that customers are completely limited to what to use when shopping i.e. Pay Wave method only. A business should have different payment methods for customers the best for them (Magdy et al, 2011). This is clearly unfair customer treatment which should not be practiced in the business world because disadvantages are likely going to out-do the advantages. Recommendation Customer Equality Also the supermarket should try to treat the customers as equals. When it comes to car parking charges, the business charges its customers differently at times of the year. Well, as they charge the normal people for car parking, they do not charge the disabled. By doing this they portray the idea of taking advantage of their customers to benefit themselves. Therefore, Oz should find a way to make its customers feel valued by treating them as equals unless circumstances force. This is likely going to encourage into investing towards customer satisfaction rather than to themselves. Method of Payment The business permits just one payment method from the customers which is clearly not sensible. They encourage the use of cards only and not cash unless for tourists and children. In the business world it is important for businesses to encourage a variety of payment methods to encourage more customers into buying. E.g. the business can consider the use of mobile NFC payment method as well. Apparently it is almost the same as their current method but its benefit is than it can be installed in mobile phones. Commuter cards and credit cards. This certainly gives the customers a chance to choose whichever method to use for payment either cash or others (Shanta, 2007). This is certainly another way of attracting more customers into buying form a certain business. Services Offered Customer service is divided into three categories which are: in-store assistance, transaction processing and handling of complaints. This means effective customer treatment which the supermarket does not practice since their operations are mostly done by machines. In the business world, it is important for a business to encourage more customer-employee relations which increases customer loyalty which is not a priority for Oz supermarket. Therefore, the business should consider changing its customer service methods into a better and effective method which should mostly involve workers rather than machines (David et al, 2013). By doing this, they will create more jobs, relate with customers at a higher level, improve customer loyalty but most importantly know the customers needs. Improving Customer Feedback This relates to the way the customers think and say about the products and services provided by a business. It is one of the best ways for a business to grow and develop itself. However, Oz supermarket may not have any idea about the importance of this practice simply because nothing is mentioned about it. Therefore, the following ways can help any business improve its customers feedback: Conducting Surveys This includes going to visit the consumer residences and learning about their actual needs, wants, desires, cultures, believes, financial status and many other things that may help the business produce the right product for them. Social listening This involves the use of social media. Apart from it being a way of advertising, it also helps maintain the current customers and attract potential ones. However, the seller has to be fast in replying and commenting on whatever is written about the business or product. Feedback boxes Meant for customers to comment on the services provided and products bought. This information can help improve the business positively and correct the mistakes that may be made to customers (Bowling, 2006). Using of customer relationship software It is used to contact their customers, view their comments, receiving orders, advertising their products and prices among other things that relate to a customer and a seller. Here the customers views are more honest and open hence better effects to both the business and the consumers. Direct customer confrontation Involves talking to the customer directly and knowing what they think about the product or service. It is the most effective way to get direct answer from the customer themselves. Therefore making the information more reliable and effective to business changes. Improving Product Quality Review Every business should be able to produce and sell good quality products to be able to capture customers well. Conducting product reviews at different times of the business year helps make sure that the quality is still good and improving. A good quality product with high price is likely going to attract more customers and create customer loyalty than low quality product at low price (Magdy G et al, 2011). Therefore, product quality is one of the aspects of a business product that can be able to improve its operations hence lead to growth and development. The following are ways in which a business can improve its operations by improving its product quality reviews: Conducting Product Quality Reviews Consistency of product reviews is normally a way of confirming the manufacturing process, production process, raw material quality and the actual quality of the end product (El-Sayed, 2007). Through the reviews, a business will be in a position to correct any possible mistakes that may have come up in either stages of production on time. In addition to that, the business will be able to come up with ways and strategies to deal with any other type of defect that may arise in future. By doing this they will be able to improve every aspect of the product being sold by the business and therefore be able to produce the best quality for the product. Also, by succeeding in this, the business will improve it general business operations because there will be growth and development. Conducting Consumer Product Reviews Customers will always give an idea of what the product should look like based on their own needs and preferences. Nonetheless, they will be giving the business owner an idea of what the product must look like in terms of price, quality, packaging, storage, manufacturing, raw material used among other resources used in any product production (El-Sayed, 2008). When a business conducts customer reviews and put them into action or implement the ideas then the customers are likely going to feel appreciated, valued and needed by the business. This will encourage more customers to the business with an aim of having their needs and wants satisfied to their level. Price Level Setting Product prices should always be reasonable and most importantly affordable for consumers. When prices are extremely high, the possibility of the consumers buying the products is very low and when they are very the possibility of the consumers trusting the product is very high. Apparently when product prices rise, the product quality should also be better to reduce the chances of complaints from consumers. Also, if a business owner decides to increase the prices, it is important for him/her to notify the customers a three to four weeks earlier before it is actually done. This will give the customers another reason to trust the seller. Businesses should also always consider a comparison of its products prices with that of its competitors (Stanley, 2011). The prices should not vary with a big margin as long as the products are the same. If this becomes the case, then the competitors will absolutely get the advantage of having more customers than the business which means increase in sale and hence more profits and growth. Therefore, a business should be able to set the prices at a level that is affordable to the consumers but also a level that can bring the profits. This is actually a better way to benefit the consumers as well as benefit the business itself. By doing this, the business will have a chance to improve its operations simply because more customers will be available and therefore growth in all fields. References Magdy G. Abdel-Kader, 2011. Review ofmanagementaccounting research edited. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan Magdy G. G. Abdel, Professor. Abdel Kader, 2011. Review ofManagementAccounting Research. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK: Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan, Springer eBooks Greg L. Stewart, Kenneth G. Brown. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons c2009. Human resource management: linking strategy to practice David A. DeCenzo, Stephen P. Robbins, Susan L. Verhulst.11th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons c2013. Fundamentals of human resource management El-Sayed Abou-Zeid [editor], 2008.Hershey: Information Science Reference c2008. Knowledgemanagementand business strategies: theoretical frameworks and empirical research El-Sayed. Abou-Zeid, 2007. KnowledgeManagementand Business Strategies Theoretical Frameworks and Empirical Research. Hershey: IGI GlobalStanley C. Abraham, 2011. Strategic Planning a Practical Guide for Competitive Success, 2nd ed.: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Shanta. Acharya, 2007. Endowment AssetManagementInvestment Strategies in Oxford and Cambridge, Oxford: Oxford University PressEmerald Group Publishing Limited, 2005. International journal of organizational analysis: Online)The international journal of organizational analysis.Bingley, UK.Bowling Green, 2006. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Analysis., KY: 3-R Executive Systems c1993-c2003 journal. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England:Pepperdine University, Graziadio School of Business andManagement2010. Graziadio business review.Los Angeles, CA: IEEE Accountants, 2007. Journal, New York, NY. London: The Institute 1965-c2000 NSW: University of Technology, 2008. Economics,managementand financial markets, Woodside, N. Y.: Addleton Academic Publishers 2006, Broadway, SydneyLarisa, 2008. Practicalissuesinmanagement economics. Greece: PRIMEDordrecht, 2000. Information technology management(Online) Information technology management.: Kluwer Academic PublishersMalibu, Calif, 2000. Customer relationshipmanagement(Malibu, Calif.)Customer relationshipmanagement: CRM.: Freedom Technology Media Group